What is Metastatic Cancer?
What is Metastatic Cancer?Metastatic cancer is a cancer that has spread from the original (primary) site to other parts of the body. Metastatic cancer is named for the primary cancer. For instance, bladder cancer that has spread to the liver is still bladder cancer, or, more specifically, metastatic bladder cancer. This is because metastatic cancer cells resemble the cells of the primary cancer, not the cells in the place where the cancer has spread. Many metastatic cancers cannot be cured completely. In these cases, metastatic cancer can be viewed as a chronic illness. However, ongoing treatments can slow growth, shrink tumors, reduce symptoms, and extend one’s life.
Types of Cancer That Commonly Metastasize
TypesAlmost every type of cancer has the potential to metastasize. In most types of cancer, metastasis is associated with Stage IV, or advanced cancer, which means cancer cells have spread beyond nearby tissue and into organs and lymph nodes far from the original site. This is also known as “distant metastasis.” Stage III, also referred to as “advanced-stage” or “locally advanced” cancer, means the cancer has spread to neighboring tissue or lymph nodes, but not to distant sites. This is known as “regional metastasis.” It is important to note that stages can differ depending on the type of cancer. How cancer is treated depends on the type of cancer and its stage. Overall, metastatic cancer indicates an advanced disease.
General Symptoms
General SymptomsThe signs and symptoms of metastatic cancer can vary and depend on the type of cancer and the location of the spread. Some patients may exhibit no symptoms at all. For those who do, general symptoms of metastatic cancer can include headaches, pain, unexplained weight loss, shortness of breath, and extreme fatigue.
Common Spread Site Symptoms
Common Spread Site SymptomsWhile metastatic cancer can show up anywhere in the body, some types of cancer are more likely to metastasize, and signs and symptoms often vary based on the type of cancer. For instance, metastatic lung cancer can cause chest pain, shortness of breath, and coughing (including coughing up blood). In addition, different types of cancer tend to spread to specific locations. For instance, pancreatic cancer commonly spreads to the liver and breast cancer can spread to the brain.
When to Seek Urgent Care
When to Seek Urgent CareThe following symptoms may be an indication that you should contact your care team urgently:
- Fever of 100.4°F (38°C) or higher.
- Difficulty breathing and/or sudden chest pain
- Sudden, new, or unmanageable pain
- Severe nausea and vomiting for more than 24 hours
- Sudden confusion, seizures, severe headaches
- Back pain accompanied by numbness, weakness in the legs, and/or loss of bladder/bowel control
This list is not exhaustive. You know your body best. If you notice any major changes in how you feel or how you’re functioning, it is important to seek medical attention promptly.
This content has been reviewed by the following medical editors.
Trust NewYork-Presbyterian for Metastatic Cancer Care
NewYork-Presbyterian recognizes that metastatic cancer requires a multidisciplinary, whole-body approach to treatment. Our oncologists are paired with cardiologists, neurologists, mental health practitioners, oncofertility experts, and other expert specialists.
We offer access to the latest anti-cancer drugs, novel and targeted therapies, clinical trials, and emerging minimally invasive surgical procedures. Programs like the Integrative Health Program further help you and your loved ones manage the emotional and physical challenges of cancer. Together, we work with you to create a custom, comprehensive plan that honors your specific needs.