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A breakthrough non-invasive test can detect whether transplanted kidneys are in the process of being rejected, as well as identify patients at risk for rejection weeks to months before they show symptoms, according to a study published in The New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM). By measuring just three genetic molecules in a urine sample, the test accurately diagnoses acute rejection of kidney transplants, the most frequent and serious complication of kidney transplants, says the study’s lead author, Dr. Manikkam Suthanthiran, the Stanton Griffis Distinguished Professor of Medicine at Weill Cornell Medical College and chief of transplantation medicine, nephrology and hypertension at NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical Center.

"It looks to us that we can actually anticipate rejection of a kidney several weeks before rejection begins to damage the transplant," Dr. Suthanthiran says. The test may also help physicians fine-tune the amount of powerful immunosuppressive drugs that organ transplant patients must take for the rest of their lives, says Dr. Suthanthiran, whose laboratory developed what he calls the "three-gene signature" of the health of transplanted kidney organs.

"We have, for the first time, the opportunity to manage transplant patients in a more precise, individualized fashion. This is good news since it moves us from the current one-size-fits-all treatment model to a much more personalized plan," he says, noting that too little immunosuppression leads to organ rejection and too much can lead to infection or even cancer.

Given the promise of the test first developed in the Suthanthiran laboratory at Weill Cornell and previously reported in NEJM, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) sponsored a multicenter clinical trial of nearly 500 kidney transplant patients at five medical centers, including NewYork-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center and NewYork-Presbyterian/Columbia University Medical Center. The successful results of that trial are detailed in the July 4 issue of NEJM.

Such a test is sorely needed to help improve the longevity of kidney transplants and the lives of patients who receive these organs, says study co-author Dr. Darshana Dadhania, associate professor of medicine and medicine in surgery at Weill Cornell Medical College and associate attending physician at NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital.

Dr. Dadhania says that the primary blood test now used to help identify rejection — creatinine, which measures kidney function — is much less specific than the three-gene signature.

"Creatinine can go up for many reasons, including simple dehydration in a patient, and when this happens we then need to do a highly invasive needle-stick biopsy to look at the kidney and determine the cause. Our goal is to provide the most effective care possible for our transplant patients, and that means individualizing their post transplant care," she says. "Using an innovative biomarker test like this will eliminate unnecessary biopsies and provide a yardstick to measure adequate immunosuppression to keep organs — and our patients — healthy."

Although a number of researchers have tried to develop blood or urine-based tests to measure genes or proteins that signify kidney organ rejection, Dr. Suthanthiran and his research team were the first to create a gene expression profile urine test — an advance that was reported in NEJM in 2001 and, with an update also in NEJM, in 2005.

The research team measured the levels of messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules produced as genes are being expressed, or activated, to make proteins. To do this, they developed a number of sophisticated tools to measure this genetic material. "We were told we would never be able to isolate good quality mRNA from urine," he says. "Never say never." He and his colleagues found that increased expression of three mRNAs can determine if an organ will be, or is being, rejected. The mRNAs (18S ribosomal (rRNA)–normalized CD3ε mRNA, 18S rRNA–normalized interferon-inducible protein 10 (IP-10) mRNA, and 18S rRNA) indicate that killer T immune cells are being recruited to the kidney in order to destroy what the body has come to recognize as alien tissue.

The signature test consists of adding levels of the three mRNAs in urine into a composite score. Tracked over time, a rising score can indicate heightened immune system activity against a transplanted kidney, Dr. Suthanthiran says. A score that stays the same suggests that the patient is not at risk for rejection.

"We were always looking for the most parsimonious model for an organ rejection biomarker test," Dr. Suthanthiran says. "Minimizing the number of genes that we test for is just more practical and helps to give us a clearer path towards diagnosis and use in the clinic."

Physicians can tailor a patient’s use of multiple immunosuppressive drugs by lowering the doses steadily, and monitoring the patient’s composite score over time. Any increase would suggest a somewhat higher dose of therapy is needed to keep the organ safe.

"This is akin to monitoring blood glucose in a patient with diabetes," Dr. Suthanthiran says. "Because different people have different sensitivity to the two-to-four immunosuppressive drugs they have to take, this test offers us a very personalized approach to managing transplantations."

Predicting rejection weeks before it happens

The clinical trial began in 2006 with participation from five medical centers — NewYork-Presbyterian/Columbia University Medical Center, the University of Pennsylvania’s Perelman School of Medicine, the Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health and NewYork-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center, which contributed 122 of the total 485 kidney transplant patients.

The gene-expression studies were led by Dr. Suthanthiran with his laboratory serving as the Gene Expression Monitoring (GEM) core and the clinical trial was led by Dr. Abraham Shaked, director of the PENN Transplant Institute at the Perelman School, on behalf of the Clinical Trials in Organ Transplants 04 (CTOT-04) Study Investigators. The GEM core was blinded to the clinical status of the patients including their biopsy results and the data collection and analysis were performed by an independent statistical center sponsored by NIH.

Researchers collected 4,300 urine specimens during the first year of transplantation, starting at day three post-transplantation. The urine samples were shipped to the GEM core at Weill Cornell Medical College, where analysis of the urine revealed that the three gene-based biomarkers signature could distinguish kidney recipients with biopsy confirmed rejection from those whose biopsies did not show signs of rejection or who did not undergo a biopsy because there was no clinical sign of rejection.

The researchers used the signature to derive a composite score and identify a threshold value indicative of rejection. This score accurately detected transplant rejection with a low occurrence of false-positive and false-negative results. "It is about 85 percent accurate, which is much higher than the creatinine test used today," Dr. Suthanthiran says. Investigators then validated the diagnostic signature by obtaining similar results when they tested a set of urine samples collected in a separate CTOT clinical trial.

Dr. Suthanthiran anticipates conducting another NIH-funded clinical trial to test whether the signature test can be used to personalize individual immunosuppressive therapy. He says that NIH is also interested in submitting the test to the federal Food and Drug Administration for approval.

These studies have provided enough information that many medical centers can test their own kidney transplant patients for rejection using the publicly-available formula for the biomarker test. Dr. Suthanthiran also is working to develop a way for patients to submit samples via mail for biomarker testing, and avoid an office visit. The study was supported by NIH grants UO1AI63589 and R37AI051652, the Qatar National Research Foundation (NPRP 08-503-3-111) and by a Clinical and Translational Science Center Award (UL1TR000457, to Weill Cornell Medical College).

Additional co-authors include Dr. Ruchuang Ding, Dr. Vijay K. Sharma, Christina S. Chang and Christine Hoang, of Weill Cornell Medical College; Dr. Thangamani Muthukumar and Dr. Phyllis August of Weill Cornell Medical College and NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical Center; Dr. Benjamin Samstein, from Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, N.Y.; Dr. Peter S. Heeger, from Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, N.Y.; Dr. Joseph E. Schwartz, from Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, N.Y.; Dr. Michael Abecassis and Dr. John Friedewald, from Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill.; Dr. Yolanda T. Becker, from the University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill.; Dr. Stuart J. Knechtle, from Emory University, Atlanta, Ga.; Nikki M. Williams and Dr. Nancy Bridges, from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Md.; Karen S. Keslar and Dr. Robert L. Fairchild, from the Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio; Dr. Donald E. Hricik, from Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio; Dr. Leiya Han and Dr. Jun Liu, from Pharmaceutical Product Development, Wilmington, N.C.; and Dr. Michael Riggs and Dr. David N. Ikle, from Rho Federal Systems, Chapel Hill, N.C.

Weill Cornell Medical College

Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University's medical school located in New York City, is committed to excellence in research, teaching, patient care and the advancement of the art and science of medicine, locally, nationally and globally. Physicians and scientists of Weill Cornell Medical College are engaged in cutting-edge research from bench to bedside, aimed at unlocking mysteries of the human body in health and sickness and toward developing new treatments and prevention strategies. In its commitment to global health and education, Weill Cornell has a strong presence in places such as Qatar, Tanzania, Haiti, Brazil, Austria and Turkey. Through the historic Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, the Medical College is the first in the U.S. to offer its M.D. degree overseas. Weill Cornell is the birthplace of many medical advances — including the development of the Pap test for cervical cancer, the synthesis of penicillin, the first successful embryo-biopsy pregnancy and birth in the U.S., the first clinical trial of gene therapy for Parkinson's disease and, most recently, the world's first successful use of deep brain stimulation to treat a minimally conscious brain-injured patient. Weill Cornell Medical College is affiliated with NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, where its faculty provides comprehensive patient care at NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical Center. The Medical College is also affiliated with the Methodist Hospital in Houston. For more information, visit weill.cornell.edu.

NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital

NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, based in New York City, is the nation's largest not-for-profit, non-sectarian hospital, with 2,409 beds. The Hospital has nearly 2 million inpatient and outpatient visits in a year, including 12,797 deliveries and 195,294 visits to its emergency departments. NewYork-Presbyterian's 6,144 affiliated physicians and 19,376 staff provide state-of-the-art inpatient, ambulatory and preventive care in all areas of medicine at five major centers: NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical Center, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital/Columbia University Medical Center, NewYork-Presbyterian/Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital, NewYork-Presbyterian/The Allen Hospital and NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital/Westchester Division. One of the most comprehensive health care institutions in the world, the Hospital is committed to excellence in patient care, research, education and community service. NewYork-Presbyterian is the #1 hospital in the New York metropolitan area and is consistently ranked among the best academic medical institutions in the nation, according to U.S.News & World Report. The Hospital has academic affiliations with two of the nation's leading medical colleges: Weill Cornell Medical College and Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons.