NewYork-Presbyterian. The University Hospital of Columbia and Cornell.

Find A Physician

Return to Hepatitis C Overview

Hospital News

Return to Hepatitis C Overview

Research and Clinical Trials

Return to Hepatitis C Overview

Health Library

Return to Hepatitis C Overview

Clinical Services

Return to Hepatitis C Overview

Hepatitis C

What is hepatitis?

The liver is one of the organs that helps with digestion but is not part of the digestive tract. It is the largest internal organ in the body and carries out many important functions, such as making bile, changing food into energy, and cleaning alcohol and poisons from the blood.

Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver that sometimes causes permanent damage. It is caused by viruses, bacteria, certain medications, or alcohol. Hepatitis mayhave no symptoms.  However, symptoms of hepatitis can include fever, jaundice, and an enlarged liver. There are several types of viral hepatitis.

What is hepatitis C?

Hepatitis C (once called non-A, non-B hepatitis) is a liver disease caused by a recently identified blood-borne virus. Discovered in 1989, this strain of acute viral hepatitis causes approximately 40,000 new infections in the US each year.

Recovery from this infection is rare - about 85 percent of infected persons become chronic carriers of the virus. Only 25 percent of people infected with hepatitis C virus will become sick with jaundice or other symptoms of hepatitis upon infection. Seventy-five percent of these individuals may go on to develop chronic liver disease.

Chronic liver disease due to hepatitis C causes between 8,000 and 10,000 deaths and is the leading indication for liver transplantation each year in the United States. By the year 2010, the number of deaths from hepatitis C is expected to rise to 38,000 each year.

What causes hepatitis C?

Transmission of hepatitis C occurs primarily from contact with infected blood, but can also occur from sexual contact or from an infected mother to her baby. Blood transfusions prior to 1992 and the use of shared needles are other significant causes of the spread of hepatitis C.

Who is at risk for hepatitis C?

The following describes persons who may be at risk for contracting hepatitis C:

• children born to mothers who are infected with the virus
• persons who have a blood-clotting disorder such as hemophilia and received clotting factors before 1987
• persons who require dialysis for kidney failure
• individuals who received a blood transfusion or organ transplant before 1992
• persons who may participate in high-risk activities such as intravenous (IV) drug use and/or promiscuous unprotected heterosexual or homosexual sexual contact.

There is no vaccine for hepatitis C. Persons who are at risk should be checked regularly for hepatitis C. Persons who have hepatitis C should be monitored closely for signs of chronic hepatitis and liver failure.

What are the symptoms of hepatitis C?

The following are the most common symptoms for hepatitis C. However, each individual may experience symptoms differently and many patients have no symptoms. Symptoms may include:

• loss of appetite
• fatigue
• nausea and vomiting
• vague stomach pain
• jaundice - yellowing of the skin and eyes.
• fever
• dark yellow urine
• light-colored stools
• muscle and joint pain

Symptoms may occur from two weeks to six months after exposure. The symptoms of hepatitis C may resemble other medical conditions or problems. Always consult your physician for a diagnosis.

How is hepatitis C diagnosed?

In addition to a complete medical history and physical examination, diagnostic procedures for hepatitis C may include the following:

• blood tests, including tests to measure the amount of virus in the blood, and the type of virus (there are six genotypes)
• liver biopsy - a procedure performed to remove a small amount of liver tissue or cells from the body for examination under a microscope.

Treatment for hepatitis C:

Specific treatment for hepatitis C will be determined by your physician based on:

• your age, overall health, and medical history
• extent of the disease
• your tolerance for specific medications, procedures, or therapies
• expectations for the course of the disease
• your opinion or preference

At the present time, a vaccine is not available for the prevention of hepatitis C. Treatment may include biological therapy with interferon or pegylated inerferon in combination with an oral drug (ribavirin).